{
  "carta_id": "CARTA-DEMAND-US-US_DC_GW_2028-2024-12-19-001",
  "spec_version": "0.5.0",
  "family": "demand_estimate",
  "domain": "load",
  "object": "us_data_centers",
  "metric": "dc_power_demand_gw",
  "value_low": 74,
  "value_high": 132,
  "scenario": "scenario range (low and high end)",
  "definition": "average_power_at_50pct_utilization",
  "unit": "GW",
  "as_of": "2024-12-19",
  "geo_country": "US",
  "filter": "annual energy range converted to power assuming an average capacity utilization rate of 50%",
  "target_year": 2028,
  "organization": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory",
  "claim_type": "estimate",
  "method": "Transcribed by hand from the document (Executive Summary, PDF page 7). Raw sha256 3a2257cdf4c3. Verified against the source file on 2026-09-14 by TechCarta's automated checks: each quote was found in the source file and each value in its quote. Approved for publication by C.J. Fernandes.",
  "source_id": "LBNL_DATA_CENTER_ENERGY",
  "source_name": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory",
  "source_document_title": "2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report",
  "source_url_or_id": "https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2024-12/lbnl-2024-united-states-data-center-energy-usage-report_1.pdf",
  "source_retrieved_on": "2026-09-14",
  "source_class": "national_lab_synthesis",
  "source_sha256": "3a2257cdf4c350356062ffd8f75e886f099b13781b0a37af5605d65d5e46c2eb",
  "source_archive_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20241220210709/https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2024-12/lbnl-2024-united-states-data-center-energy-usage-report_1.pdf",
  "source_archive_match": "exact",
  "topic": "data_center_electricity_demand",
  "stale_after_days": 730,
  "notes": "Bottom-up model from equipment shipment data. Cryptocurrency mining is estimated separately in chapter 6 with a different (top-down) method.\n",
  "license": "cite_source",
  "is_example": false,
  "relations": {
    "conflicts": [],
    "derived_from": [],
    "inputs_to": [],
    "supersedes": null,
    "superseded_by": null,
    "cites": [],
    "cited_by": []
  },
  "segment": "ai_infrastructure_power",
  "evidence_status_on_build_date": "single_source",
  "citation": {
    "plain": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. (2024). 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report [Data-center power demand, None, for 2028: 74–132 GW, as of 2024-12-19]. Retrieved 2026-09-14, from https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2024-12/lbnl-2024-united-states-data-center-energy-usage-report_1.pdf. Recorded in TechCarta, CARTA-DEMAND-US-US_DC_GW_2028-2024-12-19-001. https://techcarta.com/carta/CARTA-DEMAND-US-US_DC_GW_2028-2024-12-19-001/",
    "bibtex": "@misc{carta_demand_us_us_dc_gw_2028_2024_12_19_001,\n  author = {{Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory}},\n  title = {2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: Data-center power demand, None, for 2028, 74–132 GW (as of 2024-12-19)},\n  year = {2024},\n  howpublished = {\\url{https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2024-12/lbnl-2024-united-states-data-center-energy-usage-report_1.pdf}},\n  note = {TechCarta Carta CARTA-DEMAND-US-US_DC_GW_2028-2024-12-19-001; source retrieved 2026-09-14},\n  url = {https://techcarta.com/carta/CARTA-DEMAND-US-US_DC_GW_2028-2024-12-19-001/}\n}"
  }
}